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Post by WingsofCrystal on Dec 2, 2018 10:14:00 GMT
Houston Chronicle
Published on Nov 29, 2018
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Crystal
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Post by thelmadonna on Dec 2, 2018 13:10:24 GMT
I don't go looking for recent reports anymore. The press are the first 6 or so pages, all of the same, mostly bad depictions, but I check your recent reports and check the weatherbug cams, there was a good one from Connecticut the other day, I never posted, what is the point? There are millions of ufo lights images out there, the nuts and bolts, well that's a different story. www.weatherbug.com/weather-camera/?cam=UTDPR random camera, lights on time=lapse, need info? Tell me what I am seeing. |
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Post by WingsofCrystal on Dec 2, 2018 22:32:11 GMT
I don't go looking for recent reports anymore. The press are the first 6 or so pages, all of the same, mostly bad depictions, but I check your recent reports and check the weatherbug cams, there was a good one from Connecticut the other day, I never posted, what is the point? There are millions of ufo lights images out there, the nuts and bolts, well that's a different story. www.weatherbug.com/weather-camera/?cam=UTDPR random camera, lights on time=lapse, need info? Tell me what I am seeing.
I like to keep up with sighting reports. I understand what you mean though.
Crystal |
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Post by WingsofCrystal on Dec 3, 2018 10:12:30 GMT
Good morning all,
Mysterious Universe
Mysterious and Bizarre Underwater Graves
Brent Swancer
December 3, 2018
Throughout the world there have at times been found mysterious remains that have been left where they lie for hundreds or thousands of years, and which serve to baffle and confuse all who look upon them, leaving few clues as to their fates or why they are there where they are. These might be within tombs locked away underground, mummies scattered about deserts, within jungles or atop the highest mountains, and they always leave mysteries swirling about them. Some of the oddest such discoveries have been made underwater, and here down in the depths below the waves are those who have sunk here along with whatever secrets they carried in life.
One of the stranger discoveries of a mysterious watery grave comes from Lake Okeechobee, in the U.S. state of Florida. Covering 730 square miles and sprawling across five counties it is the second largest freshwater lake completely within the United States, and even its name comes form the Native Hitchiti words oki, meaning “water,” and chobi, meaning “big.” In modern days it is known for its splendid scenery and outdoor recreation such as fishing, but beneath its veneer of beauty lies a darker side. It was long hidden away within the Florida interior, ensconced within thick jungle and steeped in native lore and legend, and the lake remained completely uncharted and unexplored by outsiders until the 1880s, when the area began to be developed and settled by the whites. In around 1910, these pioneers to this land of thick cypress stands, swamp, reeds, and forest began to bring back spooky stories from the muddy shores of the lake. Fishermen in the area told of bringing up human skulls instead of fish, and local folklorist Charlie Carlson explained of this, “Several old catfishermen told of `catchin’ human skulls’ in their nets. One early settler claimed that there were so many skulls in the shallows that, `During low water it looked like a pumpkin patch.’”
These spooky tales escalated when a surveyor who was looking to clear land at a place on the lake called Glassy Island claimed to have unearthed an estimated 50 skeletons buried in shallow graves within the sand. In 1918 there was also the gruesome discovery of hundreds of human skeletons lodged in the silt along the north sides of Ritta and Kreamer Islands during a period of low water. In 1953 a fisherman named Willis Crosby stumbled across nearly a dozen human skulls staring back at him through the murky water, and he would say of his grim discovery, “There were a bunch of other bones scattered all over the bottom, I guess they were human. Everybody said they were Indian bones, it was pretty much common sight when the water was down.”
There were many other accounts of finding human bones and skulls littering the bottom of the lake, often made visible when water levels dropped, which was not really good for the various tourist businesses and real-estate brokers who flocked to the area looking to develop it into some sort of resort. Such macabre findings have gone on right up to the present, when during a drought in 2006 and 2007 there were revealed large portions of the muddy bottom, which were found to contain innumerable Native artifacts and thousands of human skeletons. Interestingly, there have been claims that some of the enigmatic remains found at the time were of individuals far taller than any Natives of the area, with some skeletons supposedly found of those who would have measured over 7 feet in height.
Whether the stories of giant skeletons found here are true or not, there have definitely been a lot of bones found at the lake, and the really strange thing is that no one really knows where all of these skulls and bones came from. It has been suggested that they were of the victims of massive hurricanes that hit the area in 1926 and 1928, which killed thousands of people, but most of these were gathered and buried on the mainland, and it would still not explain all of the remains found here before those dates, and there is also the fact that in the early 1900s this was a very sparsely populated region, meaning that it seems strange there should be such large amounts of human remains all in one place if this was due to any sort of disaster.
Another theory is that these remains come from some massive battle that took place here, namely the 1837 Battle of Okeechobee, which was fought during the Seminole War, but this is estimated to have resulted in only a few dozen deaths, and so could not explain the finding of hundreds of mysterious skeletons or more down in the muck of the lake. Other theories are that they are a mass burial site for Natives of the area or that they are evidence of some lost tribe, but there is no evidence that points to this, as the remains are spread over such a large area and there are absolutely no other artifacts found near the bodies, just those bones. Additionally, they don’t seem to be the doing of conquistadors, and the folklorist, Carlson, has said of the mysterious bones, “Historians have found no connection to the early Spanish, and some believe the bones may be more than a thousand years old.”
Another idea is based on a persistent piece of local lore that says that in 1841 several hundred Seminole warriors chose to commit mass suicide at the lake rather than be captured by the enemy, slitting their own throats and flinging themselves into the murky waters, but there is very little in the historical record to show that this ever really happened. There is also the lore that says that the Seminole put a curse upon the lake, and that this curse is actually responsible for a lot of deaths and accidents here, such as the tragic airline crashes of Tristar Flight 401 in 1972 and ValuJet Flight 592 in 1996, both of which plummeted into the area costing hundreds of lives. For now no one knows, and the mysterious skeletons of Lake Okeechobee remain a mystery.
Equally as spooky is a trove of mysterious human remains found submerged in a sinkhole in Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, which also just happens to be supposedly cursed and haunted. The place known as Sac Uayum is what is referred to as a cenote, which is a pit which is formed when limestone bedrock collapses to expose the groundwater beneath. Well-known for their stunningly crystal clear water, these cenotes are scattered all about the Yucatan Peninsula, with around 6,000 of them known so far and many of which have dark histories as places of ritual sacrifice for the ancient Mayans. The cenote Sac Uayum was never used for such purposes, as it was feared by the Mayans as a cursed place guarded by demons, and Natives of the area have to this day steered clear of it, saying it is haunted by angry spirits.
Sac Uayum lies just outside the ruins of the ancient Maya city of Mayapánreaches, reaches a depth of around 115 feet, and it was long completely unexplored until a recent survey delved into its depths and found some strange things indeed. Down there through the strikingly clear water it was found that the bottom was divided into two chambers that were littered with numerous human remains that no one can quite figure out, with archeologist Bradley Russell saying of their initial dives there, “It was genuinely strange the first time we saw it. From the very first dive, we had seen skulls. At the time of this dive, we were still doing an initial assessment and putting together a plan of action for mapping the cenote.”
Among the many remains the researchers have found within the cenote’s two submerged chambers are those of a woman with a skull that was intentionally flattened at birth for unknown reasons, the remains of cows, and skulls possessing teeth that are in remarkably good condition, suggesting they had been young at the time of death. As to why all of these bones are here, no one really knows. They do not display any sort of trauma, meaning that they were likely not sacrificial offerings, and many of the remains seem to be from people 18 years old or younger. There are also no signs of any relics or artifacts buried with them, meaning that they were not some sort of society elite getting a special burial. They could have been victims of disease that were tossed down here and there is no way to know that, but it would explain why many chose to stay away from this place and could have given rise to the legends of the curse, combined with the fact that the sinkhole lies to the south of Mayapánreaches, with south being the traditional Mayan direction of the underworld. In the end no one knows, and those bodies remain forgotten down in those clear azure waters, as mysterious as they have always been.
A fairly grim discovery was also made in the country of Sweden in 2009, when archeologists uncovered a treasure trove of the macabre while excavating a remote lake bed on the eastern shore of Lake Vattern. The researchers were able to find numerous skulls dated to around 8,000 years old, from men, women, and children, many of which were either gruesomely mounted atop stakes or had once been, making it all the creepier. The so-called “Tomb of the Sunken Skulls” is now not underwater, but at the time that these bodies were interred here it would have been, and to make it all the more bizarre, most of the skulls were missing their jawbones.
There have been the remains of 11 individuals found here, with only one retaining the jawbone and seven of the adults displaying some form of blunt trauma to the skull, made all the more odder that this trauma did not kill them, as there were signs that the skulls had healed afterwards, for reasons we will probably never know. The remains are tethered to a mysterious underwater burial site that measures 39 feet by 46 feet (12 by 14 meters), encircled by stones and with a flat surface upon which the skulls were staked and set into the earth beneath. The remains were interspersed with animal bones that seem to have been intentionally arranged in a specific pattern, with the south end holding brown bear bones, the remains of big game animals on the southeastern part, and the human bones in the center of it all. One of the researchers studying it has said of it, “It’s a very enigmatic structure. We really don’t understand the reason why they did this and why they put it under water.”
All of this was preserved phenomenally well, due to the low-oxygen conditions and alkaline water composition, creating an unearthly and rather surreal atmosphere for it all. As to why these remains are here there are only guesses. They could have been the victims of battle, their heads kept as trophies and staked for display. It might also have been some sort of burial site, possibly for those of some stigmatized group which would explain the strange circumstances of their internment, or a place of ritual sacrifice. A researcher of the site has said of it:
The people who were deposited like this in the lake, they weren’t average people, but probably people who, after they died, had been selected to be included in this ritual because of who they were, because of things they experienced in life.
In the end we have what is left of these enigmatic individuals floating about in the gloomy depths of their final resting places, forgotten and left to their mysteries they took with them to their deaths. They float about their in the depths, their empty eye sockets staring up through the water at the light of once was, their stories unknown and their deaths unexplained. What happened to these people? Who were they? Why were they buried here in their watery graves and how did they end up here? We can only speculate, and the answers may forever elude us.
mysteriousuniverse.org/2018/12/mysterious-and-bizarre-underwater-graves/
Crystal
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Post by WingsofCrystal on Dec 3, 2018 10:21:36 GMT
Bigfoot Odyssey
Premiered Nov 27, 2018
What you’ll see here is the full account of what happened to Kerry Arnold, creator and host of Bigfoot Odyssey, in the south Mississippi woods in early 2007. This is what started Bigfoot Odyssey, this is what has Kerry and Linda on the road pushing awareness of Sasquatch. If you have a Bigfoot Odyssey to tell, contact us at bigfootodyssey@gmail.com
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Crystal
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Post by swamprat on Dec 3, 2018 15:45:39 GMT
Winston Wisdom
We could use a few people like him these days.....
  
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Post by WingsofCrystal on Dec 4, 2018 11:12:31 GMT
Thanks for those Churchill quotes Swamprat, he was one smart man.
Good morning to you and all of our lovely UFOCasebookers,
Charlotte Observer
A UFO? Outer Banks fisherman captures video of lights multiplying over dark Atlantic
By Mark Price
December 03, 2018 04:15 PM
A 90-second video credited to an Outer Banks night fisherman is raising questions on social media about a possible UFO sighting off the North Carolina coast.
The recording was posted Nov. 29 on YouTube by ViralHog, which said it was made in mid November at Cape Lookout, the southernmost point of the Core Banks. It has been viewed nearly 45,000 times.
National Park Service officials at Cape Lookout National Seashore told the Charlotte Observer they were not sure what the set of lights might be, but found them to be “peculiar.”
The name of the angler who took the video is not provided by ViralHog, a video licensing agency. However, someone named C.R. Larkin posted the same video Nov. 24, writing that it was filmed Nov. 13 off Cape Lookout, between 9 and 10 p.m.
“Around 9 p.m., I rebaited my hooks, cast them out into the surf and walked back to my chair,” says a post with the YouTube video. “When I turned back to the ocean, I saw a light in the sky. The light is very bright, stationary and silent. Over the course of the next hour it faded in and out, as well as sometimes becoming multiple lights.”
The lights vanished at one point for nearly 20 minutes, says the post, “and then reappeared much closer to my position.”
It’s not the first time someone has reported seeing a UFO off Cape Hatteras, including a 2011 incident in which someone anchored off shore said they saw a rectangle of “three vertical red lights moving together over ocean,” according to UFO-Hunters.com.
Sputnik News covered the latest video under the headline: “Mysterious Lights Filmed in Night Sky Over N. Carolina Trigger UFO Debate.”
www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article222561650.html#storylink=cpy
Crystal
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Post by WingsofCrystal on Dec 4, 2018 11:19:15 GMT
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Post by WingsofCrystal on Dec 4, 2018 23:23:36 GMT
Merry Christmas!
Crystal
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Post by WingsofCrystal on Dec 5, 2018 11:49:46 GMT
Merry Merry lovely UFOCasebookers!
Motherboard
New Documentary Digs Into the Wild Life of Alleged UFO Technician Bob Lazar
by Daniel Oberhaus
Dec 4 2018, 12:45pm
Jeremy Corbell’s new documentary offers a rare on-camera interview with Bob Lazar, who put Area 51 on the map 30 years ago.
Bob Lazar has seen some shit during his time on Earth—or at least he says he has.
As a teenager he built jet engines and attached them to his bicycle. As Lazar got older, his jet engines grew larger and were attached to his cars. One time he built a particle accelerator in his bedroom so he could produce chemicals for his homemade hydrogen-powered corvette. He claims to have studied physics at MIT and worked at the Meson facility at Los Alamos National Laboratories. He was arrested for abetting a prostitution ring (the charge was later reduced to felony pandering) and says he has been raided by the FBI twice. He claims to have been shot at and old videos show him shooting in the desert with his friend’s Uzi. For years, he hosted an underground DIY fireworks festival.
Oh yeah, he also claims to have worked on reverse engineering alien spacecraft at S-4, a military facility near Area 51 in the Nevada desert.
Some of the details of Lazar’s life are true and easily verifiable, while others strain credulity. MIT, for instance, has no records of Lazar ever being there, and Los Alamos has denied that he was employed there (although journalist George Knapp apparently found a Robert Lazar listed in an internal phone book for Los Alamos).
Does that mean that Lazar actually worked on bonafide flying saucers? No, but this is Lazar’s story and he’s sticking to it.
That is the takeaway from filmmaker Jeremy Corbell’s new documentary, Bob Lazar: Area 51 and Flying Saucers, which is released worldwide today. Corbell’s previous documentaries profiled a surgeon who removes extraterrestrial implants and investigated Robert Bigelow’s Skinwalker ranch, which is an alleged hotbed of UFO activity, so he is in many ways the perfect person to tackle a profile of Lazar’s truly out-of-this-world life.
Indeed, the very fact that this film exists is a testament to Corbell’s ability to handle fringe subject matter. Ever since Lazar first came forward with a story about his time at S-4 working on extraterrestrial spacecraft in 1989, he has grown more and more reluctant to speak about what he says he saw at Area 51. Corbell’s new film is the first major interview Lazar has given about his beliefs regarding extraterrestrial technology on Earth in nearly 30 years.
In May of 1989, Lazar conducted an anonymous interview as “Dennis” with the Las Vegas-based reporter George Knapp. In the interview, which is included in Corbell’s film along with a lot of other archival footage from Lazar’s time in the international spotlight, Lazar describes working on the propulsion systems for “nine flying saucers of extraterrestrial origin” in possession of the US military.
“The propulsion system is a gravity propulsion system and the power source is an antimatter reactor,” Lazar told Knapp during the original interview. “This technology doesn’t exist at all.”
At the time, Lazar claimed that the reason he came forward with information about extraterrestrial technology in possession of the government was because he believed it to be a “crime against the American people and scientific community” to keep such information a secret.
Shortly after Lazar’s first interview, he broke anonymity and did several other interviews about his time at Area 51 under his own name. These were broadcast around the globe and turned the top secret military base into a pilgrimage destination for UFO believers. As Knapp says in the film, “Bob really put Area 51 on the map.”
When Corbell met with Lazar in California, he made the case that he has no ulterior motives to lie about what he was working on in the mid-80s. If anything, Lazar said, his decision to come forward with this information changed his life for the worse.
Today, Lazar runs United Nuclear, a scientific supply company in Michigan, which he claims in the film was recently raided by the FBI under the pretense of trying to track the source of some toxic materials. The police response for a relatively routine investigation was huge, Lazar claims. The entire office was filled with dozens of authorities from every conceivable branch of law enforcement, he says. The implication, Corbell’s film hints, is that the government was trying to spook Lazar back into silence.
(It is worth noting that Lazar’s company, United Nuclear, has run afoul of law enforcement on two other occasions, both having to do with transporting explosive materials across state lines).
The FBI raid bookends Corbell’s film, which attempts to separate fact from fiction in Lazar’s story. This is something that UFO wonks have been doing on the internet for years, but Corbell manages to turn up some interesting information.
For example, in the 1980s Lazar claimed that S-4 had a biometric identification system that was able to scan the bones in employees’ hands to identify them. In the film, Corbell produces a recently declassified picture of a device that sort of matched Lazar’s description and Lazar comments that this is the first time he’s seen this device since working at the base.
Corbell’s film also touches on other facets of Lazar’s story, such as his claim in 1989 about use of element 115—also known as moscovium—for the propulsion system of the extraterrestrial craft. When Lazar first came forward with his story about UFOs in Nevada, element 115 hadn’t been created in a lab yet. In 2003, however, Russian scientists synthesized the element for the first time.
Element 115 is an incredibly radioactive substance and one of the heaviest elements ever discovered. To date, only four moscovium isotopes have been produced in a lab, each popping into existence for a few fractions a second. According to Lazar, however, the extraterrestrial craft he worked on used a stable version of element 115 to warp gravity around the craft and propel it forward.
So far, scientists haven’t been able to produce a stable element 115 isotope even close to what Lazar described. Beyond that, we don’t even really know what gravity is, much less how to manipulate it.
This all might seem pretty amazing, but it’s also emblematic of how Lazar’s claims can seem less impressive under scrutiny. Lazar might have been talking about element 115 more than a decade before it was produced in lab because aliens exist, or maybe he’s just a really smart guy with a big imagination. It’s possible that someone with his level of scientific knowledge wouldn’t find it difficult to describe the properties of a theoretical element in vague terms based on its place in the periodic table.
Is Lazar telling the truth? He says he told his story to the world 30 years ago and maintains that it is as true today as it was then. At the same time, a 2016 New York Times report on the Pentagon’s UFO-related activities brought the extraterrestrial question back into the public discourse in a serious way. Indeed, the so-called “tic-tac UFO” revealed by the Times acts awfully similar to the way Lazar described the craft he was working on at S-4.
Although Corbell does an admirable job of tracking down the key players in Lazar’s story for interviews, his film doesn’t pretend to definitively settle the veracity of Lazar’s story. Instead, Corbell offers the viewer a humanizing portrait of a mad scientist’s scientist.
When Lazar’s remarkable life is paired with Corbell’s approach to documentary filmmaking (and brief stints of monologue read by gravel-tongued Mickey Rourke), the end result is an incredibly entertaining portrait of the world’s most notorious UFO truther.
motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/j5zvj7/ufo-technician-bob-lazar-speaks
Crystal
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Post by swamprat on Dec 5, 2018 16:56:58 GMT
Thank goodness SOMEONE went to the time, trouble, and expense to determine this vital information! "Is that sarcasm?" Yes, Sheldon, it is!
A measurement of all the starlight ever produced
By Eleanor Imster and Deborah Byrd in SPACE | December 5, 2018
How much starlight has our universe produced? According to a new study, stars have radiated 4×1084 photons since the start of the universe 13.7 billion years ago. That’s the number 4 with 84 zeros behind it.
Watch video: www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&v=sX8jXFLPATw
An international team of scientists says it has measured all of the starlight ever produced throughout the 13.7-billion-year history of the observable universe. Sounds wild, right? But the new study was published November 30, 2018 in the peer-reviewed journal Science. According to the new measurement, the number of photons (particles of visible light) that have escaped into space since the universe began – after being emitted by stars – translates to 4×1084.
Or put another way …
That’s 4,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 photons of light.
Clemson College of Science astrophysicist Marco Ajello – who is featured in the video above – is lead author of the new paper. He said in a statement:
"… we were able to measure the entire amount of starlight ever emitted. This has never been done before."
And, of course, there are many variables, so this number is just a ballpark figure. Still, it’s impressive. How did scientists arrive at this number?
This is part of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. It shows some of the oldest starlight ever seen in our universe. Image via NASA/ ESA.
Astrophysicists believe that our universe started in a Big Bang, some 13.7 billion years ago. They think it started forming stars very quickly after its birth, when it was only a few hundred million years old. Since then, the universe has become a star-making tour de force.
In the universe today, there are about two trillion galaxies and about a trillion-trillion stars.
Measuring all of the starlight in this vast universe is clearly a daunting task. This team of scientists says it did it by analyzing data from NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.
The new calculations are based on measurements of the extragalactic background light, also known as the EBL. You can think of the EBL as a cosmic fog composed of all the ultraviolet, visible and infrared light ever emitted by stars. If you could measure the EBL, you’d have taken a huge step toward measuring all the starlight in the universe.
But obtaining this measurement hasn’t been easy.
Abhishek Desai is a physics and astronomy grad student at Clemson, and a co-author on the new paper. Desai said:
"Scientists have tried to measure the EBL for a long time. However, very bright foregrounds like the zodiacal light(which is light scattered by dust in the solar system) rendered this measurement very challenging."
The new study used Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope data to analyze the light from 739 blazars – supermassive black holes that emit powerful jets of gamma rays – whose light was emitted in the ancient universe and has taken billions of years to arrive at Earth. The scientists said:
"Blazars are galaxies containing supermassive black holes that are able to release narrowly collimated jets of energetic particles that leap out of their galaxies and streak across the cosmos at nearly the speed of light. When one of these jets happens to be pointed directly at Earth, it is detectable even when originating from extremely far away. Gamma ray photons produced within the jets eventually collide with the cosmic fog [or EBL], leaving an observable imprint."
And thus the researchers were able to measure the density of the EBL not just at a given place, but also at a given time in the history of the universe.
The upshot is that, until a future team of scientists corrects this number (a high probability since, as we all know, science is a process, not a body of facts), we now have a number to describe the total photons of light emitted by stars since the universe began.
That number again … 4,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
Despite this stupendously large number, the researchers said, it’s interesting to note that – with the exception of the light that comes from our own sun and galaxy – the rest of the starlight that reaches Earth is exceedingly dim. It’s equivalent to a 60-watt light bulb viewed in complete darkness from about 2.5 miles (4 km) away.
Why is this? It’s because our universe is almost incomprehensibly huge. The dimness of starlight also explains why the sky is dark at night, other than light from the moon, visible stars and the faint glow of the Milky Way.
Bottom line: How much starlight has our universe produced? According to a new study, stars have radiated 4×1084 photons since the start of the universe 13.7 billion years ago. That’s the number 4 with 84 zeros behind it.
earthsky.org/space/scientists-measure-all-starlight-ever-produced-by-universe
Now THIS, on the other hand, is a worthwhile endeavor:
A step closer to fusion energy
Imaging allows better testing of components for devices
Date: December 4, 2018
Source: Swansea University
Summary:
Harnessing nuclear fusion is a step closer after researchers showed that using two types of imaging can help them assess the safety and reliability of parts used in a fusion energy device.
Harnessing nuclear fusion, which powers the sun and stars, to help meet earth's energy needs, is a step closer after researchers showed that using two types of imaging can help them assess the safety and reliability of parts used in a fusion energy device.
Scientists from Swansea University, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, ITER in France, and the Max-Planck Institute of Plasma Physics in Germany paired x-ray and neutron imaging to test the robustness of parts.
They found that both methods yield valuable data which can be used in developing components.
The sun is a shining example of fusion in action. In the extremes of pressure and temperature at the centre of the sun atoms travel fast enough to fuse together, releasing vast amounts of energy. For decades, scientists have been looking at how to harness this safe, carbon-free and virtually limitless source of energy.
One major obstacle is the staggering temperatures that components in fusion devices have to withstand: up to 10 times the heat of the centre of the sun.
One of the main approaches to fusion, magnetic confinement, requires reactors which have some of the greatest temperature gradients on earth, and potentially in the universe: plasmas reaching highs of 150 million °C and the cryopump, which is only metres away, as low as -269 °C.
It is critical that researchers can test -- non-destructively -- the robustness of engineering components that must function in such an extreme environment.
The research team focused on one critical component, called a monoblock, which is a pipe carrying coolant. This was the first time the new tungsten monoblock design has been imaged by computerised tomography. They used ISIS Neutron and Muon Source's neutron imaging instrument, IMAT.
Dr Triestino Minniti of the Science and Technology Facilities Council said:
"Each technique had its own benefits and drawbacks. The advantage of neutron imaging over x-ray imaging is that neutrons are significantly more penetrating through tungsten.
Thus, it is feasible to image samples containing larger volumes of tungsten. Neutron tomography also allows us to investigate the full monoblock non-destructively, removing the need to produce "region of interest" samples"
Dr Llion Evans of Swansea University College of Engineering said:
"This work is a proof of concept that both these tomography methods can produce valuable data. In future these complementary techniques can be used either for the research and development cycle of fusion component design or in quality assurance of manufacturing."
The next step is to convert the 3D images produced by this powerful technique into engineering simulations with micro-scale resolution. This technique, known as image-based finite element method (IBFEM), enables the performance of each part to be assessed individually and account for minor deviations from design caused by manufacturing processes.
The research was published in Fusion Engineering and Design.
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Story Source:
Materials provided by Swansea University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
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Journal Reference:
1. Ll.M. Evans, T. Minniti, M. Fursdon, M. Gorley, T. Barrett, F. Domptail, E. Surrey, W. Kockelmann, A. v. Müller, F. Escourbiac, A. Durocher. Comparison of X-ray and neutron tomographic imaging to qualify manufacturing of a fusion divertor tungsten monoblock. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2018; 134: 97 DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.06.017
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Post by WingsofCrystal on Dec 6, 2018 10:39:17 GMT
Good morning lovely people,
Grant Cameron Whitehouse UFO
Published on Dec 4, 2018
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Crystal
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Post by WingsofCrystal on Dec 6, 2018 10:47:35 GMT
New York Times
Want a Frog Species Named After You? Just Be the Highest Bidder
By Julia Jacobs
Dec. 6, 2018
There is a wasp named after William Shakespeare, a horse fly named after Beyoncé and a lichen named after Dolly Parton.
A spider bears Bernie Sanders’s surname; Michael Jackson has a crustacean to call his own; and Donald J. Trump’s name graces a moth found in Southern California. (The researchers likened the yellow scales on the moth’s head to the president’s hair. Now it’s known as Neopalpa donaldtrumpi.)
In trying to make sense of the 1.3 million species that humans have identified, scientists have a long tradition of bestowing new discoveries with a scientific name. Think Tyrannosaurus rex or Felis silvestris catus.
The privilege of naming a new species typically lies with the person who discovered it. Only in the past few decades have researchers started to delegate that task to someone else: the highest bidder.
On Saturday, Rainforest Trust, a conservation nonprofit based in the United States, will complete its auction of the rights to name 12 newly discovered plant and animal species from South America. The winners can name them after their mother, their pet dog, a car company — pretty much anything. The group says the money will be used to buy land where that species lives in an effort to save it from extinction.
But some scientists chafe at the idea of selling the rights to name a species, and see it as the latest example of Westerners co-opting developing countries’ biodiversity. Others worry it will turn species exploration into a cutthroat commercial endeavor.
“If we leap into something and don’t anticipate what can go wrong, then we’re leaving ourselves vulnerable,” said Douglas Yanega, an entomologist and taxonomist based in California. “There are so many possible ways that it can go badly.”
The conservation group, which started accepting bids in November, is using a conventional auction house that sells art and antiques to sell the rights to name the 12 species from Ecuador, Colombia and Panama. The minimum bid for each species is $10,000.
Up for auction are four frogs of varying shades, four species of orchid and a reddish ant with a trap-jaw. There’s also a gray forest mouse with impressively long whiskers, a wormlike amphibian and a burnt-orange salamander with tiny legs.
Paul Salaman, the chief executive of Rainforest Trust, is familiar with the objections to species-naming auctions. In the early 1990s, these auctions were a new concept when Dr. Salaman, a field biologist, sold the rights to name a species of songbird he discovered in Colombia. There were some conservationists who were outraged at the idea of giving companies the chance to impose their brand on the natural world, he said.
Dr. Salaman’s counterargument is that the threats to these species posed by climate change and industrial blights, like logging, are far more pressing than the threat of artificial names.
“The name itself doesn’t really matter,” Dr. Salaman said. “The key is the funding to save the species.”
The practice of playfully naming new species after celebrities, friends and enemies is as old as the practice of binomial nomenclature, the scientific naming of organisms.
Carl Linnaeus, an 18th century Swedish botanist and the first scientist to consistently apply binomial nomenclature, used species naming to both honor and mock his contemporaries. According to the book “Linnaeus: The Compleat Naturalist,” Linnaeus named a yellow coneflower after his mentor. He also named an unpleasant-smelling weed after Johann Siegesbeck, a German botanist and one of Linnaeus’s enemies.
These scientific names are meant to last forever. In an extreme example, a Croatian entomologist named a Slovene beetle after Adolf Hitler in the 1930s, when he was chancellor of Germany. Because convention does not allow for name changes, Anophthalmus hitleri has endured.
When someone discovers a new species of plant or animal, the protocol is to publish a peer-reviewed paper in a scientific journal that establishes the evidence behind the discovery and unveils the name to the world.
A group called the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature establishes the basic rules for animal species naming. (There’s a separate group for plants.) But the organization’s commissioners, who live all over the world, are divided on the subject of species-naming auctions, said Gwynne Lim, the group’s secretary.
There are several conservation groups that have staged these auctions, including the Wildlife Conservation Society, which drew headlines in 2005 for auctioning off the rights to name a monkey discovered in Bolivia. An internet casino company, GoldenPalace.com, was the winner with a bid of $650,000.
Dr. Lim, a taxonomist in Singapore, said it bothered her that bidding on these auctions seemed to be driven by the attractiveness of the species, perpetuating disproportionate funding shortages for research on species that are less pleasing to the human eye.
Dr. Salaman said that in the current auction, the species considered to be more attractive, like the Ecuadorean frog, were estimated to close at higher prices.
“The highest-selling names are the adorable creatures or the lovely flowers,” Dr. Lim said. “But the groups that are most under threat aren’t particularly lovely. Like the worms.”
She is also skeptical about Westerners spending tens of thousands of dollars for the opportunity to name a species that is part of another country’s ecosystem and culture. She said her uneasiness stemmed, in part, from the long history of white European expeditioners claiming the biodiversity of other continents as their own.
Dr. Salaman countered that many of the species on the auction block were discovered, in part, by scientists native to that home country who want to fend off extinction.
Juan Guayasamin, an evolutionary biologist specializing in amphibians, said that as long as the money raised by the auction was going to a noble cause — like funding conservation — then he would not be bothered by foreigners naming species native to Ecuador, his home country.
“What we gain is far more important,” said Dr. Guayasamin, who is with the Universidad San Francisco de Quito. “Finding funds is really a problem we struggle with a lot.”
Most taxonomists agree that funding for their work has been increasingly elusive, and that the scope of their mission — cataloging the world’s species — is unbelievably vast.
Scientists say there are millions of species on this planet that have gone undiscovered and unnamed. It is likely that many will go extinct before humans learn that they exist.
But Dr. Yanega, who is also a commissioner with the nomenclature commission, fears that if species-naming auctions go mainstream, they have the potential to do more harm than good to scientists’ collective project of describing the world’s species. For one, Dr. Yanega said, turning species naming into a profitable endeavor could encourage fraudulent taxonomists to churn out discoveries to make themselves money unless scientists can develop safeguards.
And in a community that relies on collaboration, making species naming a lucrative practice could make scientists secretive about their work and covetous of their own specimens, which are usually shared liberally with other researchers, Dr. Yanega said.
“It could become cutthroat,” he said. “Every man for himself.”
www.nytimes.com/2018/12/06/science/species-naming-auction-rainforest-trust.html
Crystal
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Post by swamprat on Dec 6, 2018 16:40:59 GMT
Recycle your old mobile phone to save gorilla populations
Date: December 5, 2018
Source: University of South Australia
Summary:
The link between hoarding disused mobile phones and the decimation of Grauer gorilla habitats is explored in a new paper.
Are you among the 400 million people around the world who have relegated an old mobile phone to the top drawer in the past year?
Do you realise your reluctance to recycle that discarded phone could be linked to the dramatic decline of gorilla populations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo?
The link between hoarding disused mobile phones and the decimation of Grauer gorilla habitats is explored in a paper published today in PLOS ONE, authored by University of South Australia researchers and Zoos Victoria.
The two organisations evaluated the first six years of the ongoing 'They're Calling On You" mobile phone recycling program run by Zoos Victoria, as part of a national campaign operating in Australian zoos.
As part of the program, zoo visitors and the broader Victorian community were educated about the value of recycling discarded phones to extract special metals used in their construction -- the same metals which are being mined in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), not only destroying gorilla habitats but also funding wars and human rights abuses.
UniSA Conservation Psychologist and Great Ape expert Dr Carla Litchfield, the paper's lead author, says if 'conflict' elements -- including gold and coltan -- can be recovered from old mobile phones, there is less incentive to mine gorilla habitats for the same minerals.
"For every 30-40 mobile phones that are recycled, on average, one gram of gold can be recovered," Dr Litchfield says. "Just as mobile phone sales are soaring, and gold content is increasing in some smartphones, natural sources of gold are expected to run out by 2030."
The authors point out the barriers to recycling used phones, including lack of e-waste recycling points in many countries, secrecy around the phones' mineral composition, privacy concerns around accessing old data, and just plain hoarding.
In Germany, by 2035 it is predicted that more than 8000 tonnes of precious metals will lie in unrecycled mobile and smartphones, and in China, by 2025 an estimated nine tonnes of gold, 15 tonnes of silver and 3100 tonnes of copper will also be out of the supply loop in 0.35 billion unrecycled phones.
"Hoarding is problematic since precious metals are not extracted and returned to the circular economy, creating the need to mine these metals in wilderness areas.
"The other issue is that if people do discard their old phones, most dispose of them in their household waste, ending up in landfill, where they leach toxic metals."
Recent population estimates of Grauer gorillas in the DRC show a dramatic 73-93 per cent decline, with less than 4000 remaining in the wild and the species now listed as Critically Endangered.
Distinguished primatologist Dr Jane Goodall launched the national mobile recycling campaign at Melbourne Zoo in 2009 to educate visitors about the link between mining in the DRC, the destruction of gorilla habitats, and the importance of mobile phone recycling.
By 2014, zoo visitors in Victoria had donated more than 115,000 old mobile phones for recycling as a result of the social marketing initiative.
"This number may seem a drop in the ocean -- representing just 0.01 per cent of the one billion retired phones out there -- but when you look at the result in the context of a state of six million people, it is very impressive," says Dr Litchfield.
"Hopefully this campaign can be rolled out globally and then we could really make a difference."
Story Source:
Materials provided by University of South Australia. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:
1. Carla A. Litchfield, Rachel Lowry, Jill Dorrian. Recycling 115,369 mobile phones for gorilla conservation over a six-year period (2009-2014) at Zoos Victoria: A case study of ‘points of influence’ and mobile phone donations. PLOS ONE, 2018; 13 (12): e0206890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206890
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/12/181205142719.htm
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Post by WingsofCrystal on Dec 7, 2018 10:58:05 GMT
Good morning lovely UFOCasebookers,
ListVerse
10 Lesser-Known UFO Crash Incidents
Marcus Lowth
December 6, 2018
Just about everyone reading this has probably heard of alleged UFO crashes like the Roswell incident. Or maybe you’ve even heard of the one at Kecksburg in Pennsylvania, or perhaps the alleged crash in the Black Forest in Germany in 1936. However, there is an absolute plethora of other claims, with numerous witnesses to boot, of other UFO crashes on record.
What’s more, reports of wrecked flying saucers have come in from all over the planet, and they’ve occurred over a broader range of history than you might have guessed. Here, then, are ten lesser-known claims of crashed alien craft from other worlds!
The Dalnegorsk ‘Height 611’ Crash
On the evening of January 29, 1986, a strange, red sphere suddenly appeared in front of hundreds of witnesses in the skies over the small mining town of Dalnegorsk, on the southeasternmost side of the Soviet Union. After moving steadily over the village for several moments, it suddenly began to fail and would ultimately crash into the Izvestkovaya Mountain—known to many as “Height 611” or “Hill 611.”
Witnesses would report hearing an explosion and witnessing intense burning and flames around the apparent crash site. Before official investigators could examine the scene, several locals ventured up to the crash site the following day. Although they found obvious evidence of a disturbance, and likely intense heat judging from the burned-out tree stump and vegetation, they didn’t see or recover any actual wreckage. They did, however, discover strange “rock-like” pieces that had a metallic feel and look to them. They would hand these over to the chief investigator, Valeri Dvuzhilni of the Far Eastern Committee for Anomalous Phenomena.
When investigators examined the grounds more thoroughly, they would discover tiny metallic “droplets,” ranging in size from 2 to 5 millimeters. When these were later examined, they had a most complex inner structure of metallic fibers, along with gold thread and coverings of quartz crystal. Although tiny, these strange droplets, or the material that made them, was of obvious complex and intelligent design.
Furthermore, the burned-out tree stump was found to have melted on one side (presumably the side nearest to the heat of the crash site). The burning of the wood produced carbon, and it would have taken heat in excess of 3,000 degrees Celsius (5,432 °F) to melt such carbon. The case remains unexplained, although Dvuzhilni would theorize the possibility that the intense heat was not flames for the majority of the incident but repairs, which allowed the craft to take off before the locals arrived at the scene.
The Salta Case
Not only was there an alleged UFO crash in Salta, Argentina, on the afternoon of August 17, 1995, witnessed by dozens of people, but one of them was a civil aviation pilot who would take to the air in the immediate moments following the sudden appearance, crash, and explosion of a strange silver disc. Tony Galvano was having lunch at the time when an extremely bright metallic object roared out of the sky before suddenly falling to the ground and exploding in a flurry of flames and black smoke. Some reports even suggest that seismic activity was recorded over 320 kilometers (200 mi) away.
Galvano would immediately run to his Flystar airplane in order to take to the skies and get a better look at what was happening and, more specifically, what had just crashed down to the ground. However, his initial attempts were thwarted by the thick, black smoke that not only made it impossible to see any activity on the ground but also made it dangerous to fly. He returned to the airfield. He would, however, take off on another reconnaissance mission two days later.
When he did, he saw an obviously disturbed area where a craft had crashed and skidded for a short distance before coming to a grinding halt. As well as disturbance to the land itself, Galvano observed that the trees and bushes were also significantly damaged. Some of them had even been ripped from the ground, their roots showing completely.
Galvano would return to the site again several weeks later with other volunteer searchers from the area. On this occasion, however, they were approached by armed men in black suits who drove to the site in heavy-duty black SUVs. They immediately stated that they were taking over the search effort and that Galvano and the others were all to go home. Galvano began to protest before one of the men stated ominously, “Forget it, Galvano, what’s coming down is very heavy.”
The Megas Platanos UFO Crash
An apparent UFO crash occurred in the early hours of September 2, 1990, in the picturesque, sun-blessed setting of Megas Platanos in Greece. It was just after 3:00 AM when six bright lights began to approach the village. However, one of the lights was moving much more erratically than the others. As several witnesses watched, all spread out across the area and thus witnessing the events from different vantage points, the unsteady light suddenly came crashing down to the ground below.
A shepherd, Trantos Karatranjos, watched the object impact the ground from around 500 meters (1600 ft) away. He would recall how there was an immediate burst of flames, which then spread quickly to nearby vegetation. As this was happening, the five other craft were hovering overhead, as if watching events unfold. Suddenly, two of them came down to the ruined vehicle. The fires were now no longer burning. The glowing craft would continue to descend and ascend once more, seemingly in turns as if there was some kind of repair operation taking place. This operation, whatever it was, would continue until dawn.
By the time residents would venture to the crash site with the onset of daylight, they were shocked to find scorch marks but no crippled craft. They did recover some wires and metallic remains, many of which would disappear with the locals as “souvenirs.” According to later reports made to UFO investigators, there was a distinct Greek military presence in the area in the days that followed. They would even issue an official statement saying that the “UFO” was actually a Soviet satellite.
The Las Vegas Crash
An almost forgotten UFO crash in Las Vegas on the evening of April 18, 1962, was actually tracked by US military radar right the way across the United States. The aerial anomaly would enter New York airspace before making its way across Kansas, Colorado, Arizona, and Nevada, where it would ultimately crash to the ground.
Fighter jets were scrambled from Luke Air Force Base just outside of Phoenix, Arizona. According to reports, the craft initially “came down” in the town of Eureka in Utah (causing a temporary blackout) before rising quickly into the air again. As it approached Las Vegas, it vanished from the radar screens. According to whistle-blower reports and eventually declassified documents, many UFO researchers had reason to believe that the craft came down inside the grounds of Nellis Air Force Base, which, incidentally, resides near Las Vegas.
What is certain is that at the time of the alleged crash, many reports were flooding into the switchboards of the police departments and aviation authorities alike, telling of a strange, red glow in the sky. Many would also report a sudden noise that sounded very much “like an explosion.”
The official explanation offered from the military was that the sightings were nothing more than meteors. They would also largely suppress their tracking of the craft across the country, instead treating them as individual “state sightings.” This would sever connections and allow the meteor explanation to take hold more firmly.
The Kingdom Of Lesotho Incident
The independent nation of the Kingdom of Lesotho, which is bordered by South African land on all sides, was subject to a downed UFO on the evening of September 19, 1995. Peter Lachasa, a South African farmer, would suddenly hear a “strange sound” overhead at around 9:15 PM. He would also notice how his cattle were suddenly spooked and unsettled. Then, he heard a sound that was unmistakably an explosion.
He quickly made his way outside to investigate. He saw that several of his neighbors who had land bordering his were also watching events unfold. One of these neighbors would later state that the object hit the ground and gave off “a series of blinding flashes” as it exploded. Along with several of his neighbors, Lachasa would approach the crash site, but the intense heat forced them to maintain a certain distance from it. Lachasa, though, thought he might have seen an occupant inside the ruins. And what’s more, it could have been moving. He contacted the authorities in case there were indeed survivors.
By the time police arrived, they would go back to the crash site once more. Despite the previous heat and flames, now there didn’t appear to be any significant damage to the craft. The police would make a report, unsure of what to do since the object was on private land. However, shortly after midnight, the South African military would arrive. They claimed to have permission from the Lesotho Ministry of Defense to recover the craft on their behalf. They secured the scene, keeping any nonmilitary personnel away from the area. They would work through the night, and by dawn, the craft and any evidence of its presence was no longer there. Its whereabouts are unknown.
UFO Crash In Nebraska
The earliest UFO crash on our list comes from Dundy County in Nebraska on June 6, 1884. That evening, with the Sun setting but still with adequate light to continue rounding up his cattle, farmer John W. Ellis and several hired workers would suddenly witness an extremely bright light making its way across the skies. As it appeared, a “terrific whirring” sound became increasingly loud in their ears. As the men watched the object, they quickly realized it was coming down to the ground. They continued to watch until the impact and inevitable explosion occurred.
After waiting for several moments, the men cautiously approached the vehicle to investigate further. According to a report in the Nebraska Nugget newspaper, Alf Williamson (one of the witnesses) would suffer intense burns from getting too close to the craft.
According to subsequent reports that would appear over the following years, including one in The Nebraska State Journal in 1887, the men were of no doubt that the object was a “nuts-and-bolts” airborne vehicle. It was made, according to their report, from a “metal of an appearance like brass.” However, when they tried to move it, they were shocked at how “remarkably light” it was, even though the exterior was a strong as any known metal at the time.
The Prohladnyi Incident
According to reports that were released following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, at around 11:00 AM on August 10, 1989, a squadron of MiG-25s were scrambled to meet a UFO flying over the city of Prohladnyi near the Caucasus Mountains. If their reports are to be believed, the UFO was hit by a ground-to-air missile and crashed somewhere in the mountains.
A Mil Mi-8 helicopter was sent out to locate the object. A disc-shaped craft was soon located near Nizhniy Chegem. A retrieval team was sent to the area, which was soon cordoned off and under military lockdown.
The retrieval team would transport the object to the nearby Mozdok Air Base. According to the reports, the KGB would oversee a specially pieced together investigation team to attempt to reverse-engineer the apparent alien technology. At the same time, the KGB would employ a typical Cold War cover-up operation.
As a further twist to this affair, a crew of three alien occupants were discovered within the remains of the craft. Two of them were dead on discovery. The third, while alive, would die shortly after. If we are to believe the account, the three dead aliens are preserved somewhere in a top-secret location, most likely Kapustin Yar, the Soviet version of Area 51.
The Howden Moors Crash
Perhaps one of the most intriguing alleged cases of a crashed UFO took place on the evening of March 24, 1997, over the Howden Moors between South Yorkshire and Derbyshire in England. At just after 10:00 PM, reports began to come in from the public that there was a low-flying aircraft over the moors. However, these reports would soon turn into ones of bright flashes, loud booming noises, and “several plumes of black smoke” rising from somewhere in the woodlands of the open countryside.
Several search operations from several different police counties were launched, both on foot and in the air. These would continue through the night. The main concern was that a light aircraft or a helicopter had come down. However, no survivors or any wreckage was discovered during the search, which would go on until well into the following day. At one stage, no-fly zones were put in place, an action which some later UFO researchers would find to be suspicious—particularly when there were commercial airliners “stacking” as a result.
Despite all of this activity, the sudden official word from the UK military was that there was no crash at all. It had simply been a mistaken sighting—despite the plethora of reports from the general public. Soon, rumors began to circulate from the many volunteer searchers. The most prominent came from a unit of Yorkshire Water workers who happened to be in the area. They would claim to have seen a wrecked pile of metal in a clearing. They would also report that there was a “military presence” there. What’s more, this military presence was loading “body bags” onto a Sea King helicopter. When the military were confronted with this, they claimed they were merely moving “equipment!”
Despite the official explanation of mistaken reports, many UFO researchers still consider the crash authentic, and an explanation remains elusive.
The Wilsthorpe Beach Incident
A bizarre incident presumed to be a downed UFO occurred in September 2009, although no witnesses actually saw the crash itself. However, the events that would unfold are almost a textbook crash story. An unnamed retired couple, in their seventies at the time, would witness 30 to 40 strange objects hanging in the air over the North Sea for around 90 minutes. It was around 11:00 PM, and the married couple were getting ready for bed when they noticed the strange aerial show from the bedroom window of their seafront home.
After they watched the UFOs until just after midnight, the strange objects began to shoot straight upward. Not quite sure what they had seen, the couple believed the show was over and went to bed.
However, the next morning, they would awake to the sound of heavy-duty military helicopters descending on the beachfront. Two Chinooks off-loaded droves of military personnel. The entire beach was under lockdown. Some of the soldiers were moving up and down the beach in specific ways with metal detectors, as if searching for metallic objects. Then came the sound of bursts of automatic gunfire. Quickly followed by explosions.
When UFO investigators would request information on the military presence that morning, even asking outright if a UFO had crashed on the beach or in the sea, they were told it was a “routine military exercise.” One particular UFO researcher, Paul Sinclair, wasn’t at all satisfied with that explanation and continues to investigate the case.
The Bolivia Crash
On the mountain range near Bermejo, Bolivia, near the border with Argentina, thousands of people would witness a UFO crash and explode into flames. It was just after 4:15 PM on May 6, 1978, and according to reports, the “supersonic bang” was heard up to 240 kilometers (150 mi) away and even cracked windows within a 48-kilometer (30 mi) radius.
While residents on the Bolivian side contemplated whether the object was meteor or something more otherworldly, the Argentinian authorities had mobilized their military onto the mountainous border range to search for the mystery object. This search would apparently take weeks.
Eventually, the Bolivian Air Force would discover the crash site but were unable to land to investigate further. The next thing anyone knew, the Argentinian press had announced that the Argentinian Air Force had made the discovery. And what’s more, NASA was sending investigators. However, instead of NASA, two “off-duty” US Air Force employees arrived, with instructions to transport the craft to the United States.
From here, the trail goes, likely purposely, murky, with several versions of where the UFO and any occupants might be. It would appear, though, that something definitely did crash and that the United States government and/or military had a great interest in it.
listverse.com/2018/12/06/10-lesser-known-ufo-crash-incidents/
Crystal
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